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hans.slegers/Shutterstock.com (Flag); iStockPhoto/Getty Images (Bitten Nugget, Ketchup); milanfoto/Getty Images (Chicken Nuggets); MK studio/Shutterstock.com (Dipped Nugget)

Nugget Nation/Mac and Cheese Mania

Two American food favorites have very different, but equally tasty, stories

By Allison Friedman
From the February 2020 Issue

Learning Objective: Students will compare and contrast the origins of two popular American foods as they read these paired nonfiction articles.

Lexiles: 500L-600L, 600L-700L
Guided Reading Level: N
DRA Level: 30

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Think and Read: Compare and Contrast

As you read these stories, look for how the chicken nugget and macaroni and cheese each became an American favorite.

Nugget Nation 

The delicious true story behind a fast-food favorite

Hamburgers were under attack!

For years, Americans had been in love with burgers. And McDonald’s sold millions of them. But in 1977, the U.S. government warned that eating too many burgers was unhealthy. Eat chicken instead, experts said.

Chicken?!

McDonald’s leaders panicked.

How could they make Americans fall in love with chicken the way they had with burgers?

The answer was the chicken nugget. And this would change fast-food history.

Hamburgers were under attack!

Americans had been in love with burgers for years. And McDonald’s sold millions of them. But in 1977, the U.S. government warned people: Eating too many burgers was unhealthy. Experts said to eat chicken instead.

Chicken?!

McDonald’s leaders panicked.

How could they make Americans love chicken the way they loved burgers?

The answer was the chicken nugget. And this would change fast-food history.

MaraZe/Shutterstock.com

Before the mid-1900s, chickens were hard to prepare. People ate them only as a special treat.

Chicken Genius

A scientist named Robert Baker invented the nugget. He was known as America’s chicken genius. In the 1950s and ’60s, Baker was working with farmers and chicken companies. He wanted Americans to eat more chicken. To do that, Baker had to make chicken easier to cook and eat. But how?

Robert Baker was a scientist. He invented the nugget. He was known as America’s chicken genius. In the 1950s and ’60s, Baker worked with farmers and chicken companies. He wanted Americans to eat more chicken. Baker knew what he had to do: make chicken easier to cook and eat. But how?

The Nugget Is Born

Courtesy of Cornell University

Dr. Robert Baker

Baker spent hours in his lab in Ithaca, New York. He and his team tried different creations. Chicken hot dogs! Chicken meatloaf! Chicken sandwich slices!

But Baker was especially proud of the chicken stick. This was a bite-size chunk of ground chicken coated with batter. No one had ever seen anything like it before. And just like that, the original nugget was born.

Baker and his team called it the “Chicken Crispie.” They published the recipe for anyone to copy for free. But it didn’t become popular until nearly 20 years later.

Baker spent hours in his lab in New York. He and his team tried different chicken foods. Chicken hot dogs! Chicken meatloaf! Chicken sandwich slices!

But Baker was especially proud of the chicken stick. This was a small chunk of ground chicken coated with batter. No one had seen anything like it before. And that’s how the original nugget was born.

Baker and his team called it the “Chicken Crispie.” They published the recipe. Anyone could copy the recipe for free. But it didn’t become popular until nearly 20 years later.

Instant Hit

When the burger warning came out, leaders at McDonald’s knew they had to come up with a new menu item—and fast.

They knew nuggets were a winning idea. They used Baker’s Chicken Crispie recipe from years earlier. This helped them make the perfect nugget.

In 1983, Chicken McNuggets were first sold in McDonald’s restaurants across the country. They were an instant hit. Later, experts would learn that these deep-fried nuggets were not healthier than burgers. But it didn’t matter. By then, the nugget had already become an American classic.

Baker never made money off his most famous invention. But he achieved his goal: He turned Americans into chicken eaters. Today, we gobble up more than 2.3 billion orders of nuggets each year. They’re everywhere—cafeterias, kids’ menus, the grocery store.

So the next time you bite into a chicken nugget, you can think of Baker.  

The burger warning came out, and leaders at McDonald’s knew they had to come up with a new menu item fast.

They knew nuggets were a great idea. They used Baker’s Chicken Crispie recipe from years earlier. This helped them make the perfect nugget.

In 1983, Chicken McNuggets were first sold in McDonald’s restaurants across the country. They were an instant hit. Later, experts would learn something: These deep-fried nuggets were not healthier than burgers. It didn’t matter. By then, the nugget had already become an American classic.

Baker never made money off his most famous invention. But he reached his goal. He turned Americans into chicken eaters. Today, we eat more than 2.3 billion orders of nuggets each year. They’re everywhere — cafeterias, kids’ menus, the grocery store.

Think of Baker the next time you bite into a chicken nugget. 

Mac and Cheese Mania 

How a fancy dish from Europe became an all-American classic

iStockPhoto/Getty Images (Mac and Cheese Bowl); hellomart/Shutterstock.com (Background)

You may know Thomas Jefferson as our third president. But he did something else for our country: He helped start America’s macaroni and cheese craze.

Thomas Jefferson was our third president. But he did something else for our country. He helped start America’s macaroni and cheese craze.

Fancy Food

GraphicaArtis/Getty Images

Thomas Jefferson

Jefferson had first tasted mac and cheese when he was in France. People had been pairing pasta with rich, gooey cheese for centuries. But it was only for the rich. Kings and queens spooned it out of gold dishes.

In the late 1700s, rich travelers—like Thomas Jefferson—were bringing mac and cheese to the U.S. Still, it wasn’t until much later that macaroni and cheese had its big breakthrough.

Jefferson first tasted mac and cheese when he was in France. People had been eating pasta with gooey cheese for centuries. But it was only for the rich. Kings and queens ate it out of gold dishes.

In the late 1700s, rich travelers—like Thomas Jefferson—were bringing mac and cheese to the U.S. But it wasn’t until much later that macaroni and cheese became popular.

Hard Times

In the 1930s, U.S. cooks had started making mac and cheese. But they used cheap American cheddar instead of fancy Italian parmesan.   

This was a good thing. The U.S. was in the middle of a dark time: the Great Depression. Millions of people didn’t have jobs. Macaroni and cheese was the perfect meal. It was cheap and filling. But not everyone knew about it.

A pasta salesman in St. Louis, Missouri, helped change that. He couldn’t get people to buy his boxes of noodles. So he began attaching packets of Kraft grated cheese to them with rubber bands. Customers loved these “meal kits.”

Leaders at the Kraft cheese company heard about the salesman’s idea. They knew it would be a hit. They hired the salesman and turned his creation into a new product: Kraft Dinner. This was a box of noodles with a packet of cheese inside.

People couldn’t believe their luck. They could make a dinner for four people in minutes—and for only 19 cents! In the first year alone, the company sold 8 million boxes.

In the 1930s, American cooks started making mac and cheese. But they used cheap American cheddar instead of fancy Italian parmesan.

This was a good thing. America was in the middle of a dark time. It was the Great Depression. Millions of people didn’t have jobs. Macaroni and cheese was the perfect meal. It was cheap and filling. But not everyone knew about it.

A pasta salesman in Missouri helped change that. He couldn’t get people to buy his boxes of pasta. So he began attaching packets of Kraft grated cheese to them with rubber bands. Customers loved these “meal kits.”

Leaders at the Kraft cheese company heard about the salesman’s idea. They knew it would be a hit. They hired the salesman. They turned his idea into a new product: Kraft Dinner. This was a box of pasta with a packet of cheese inside.

People couldn’t believe their luck. They could make a dinner for four people in minutes. And it cost only 19 cents! In the first year alone, the company sold 8 million boxes.

via Wikimedia Commons

This ad from 1948 shows Kraft Dinner as a quick, easy, and tasty meal.

An American Favorite

Today, Kraft sells nearly a million boxes each day. Stacked on top of each other, those boxes would be 20 times higher than Mount Everest!

Macaroni and cheese is now loved by people across the country. You can buy it at a corner store for $1. You can order it topped with lobster at a restaurant. There’s even a National Macaroni and Cheese Day, July 14. Start planning your party now! 

Today, Kraft sells nearly a million boxes each day. If you stacked those boxes on top of each other, they would be 20 times higher than the world’s highest mountain!

Macaroni and cheese is now loved by people across the country. You can buy it at a store for $1. You can order it topped with lobster at a restaurant. There’s even a National Macaroni and Cheese Day, July 14. Start planning your party now! 

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Can't-Miss Teaching Extras
Read This

The USDA has a fun game [fuel a spaceship journey to Planet Power by compiling nutritionally balanced foods] that helps students pick healthy meals. We also like this activity where students can decode a secret message about healthy eating.

Watch This

For a more in-depth history of how mac and cheese became an American classic, watch this 4-minute CBS news clip, which includes a $95 bowl of mac and cheese! Please note - the restaurant Macbar mentioned in the piece has permanently closed.

Fun Fact

The largest chicken nugget ever made weighed 51 pounds, was 3 feet wide and 2 feet long, and was larger than 720 regularly sized chicken nuggets put together. The company Empire Kosher Poultry made it in New Jersey to break the Guiness World Record!

More About the Article

Content-Area Connections

Social studies: World history, U.S. history

Science: Nutrition, inventions

Social-emotional learning: Responsible decision-making (identifying problems, solving problems); relationship skills (teamwork)

Key Skills

Compare and contrast, main idea, key details, author’s craft, summarizing, drawing conclusions, making inferences, cause and effect

Step-by-Step Lesson Plan

1. PREPARING TO READ

Preview Text Features/ Set a Purpose for Reading (10 minutes)

  • Direct students to the labels on page 10 that say “Paired Texts” and “One topic, two stories.” Ask them to read aloud the titles and subtitles on pages 10 and 12. Then ask students what the topic of both stories might be. (how the chicken nugget and macaroni and cheese became popular American foods)
  • Explain that the word mania in the title on page 12 means a great enthusiasm for something. The word classic refers to something that’s a model of the best of its kind, such as a type of food.
  • Point to France on a classroom map. Explain that people in France ate a fancier version of mac and cheese hundreds of years ago.
  • Then point to the photos on pages 10-11 and 13. Call on volunteers to read aloud the captions. Explain that the Kraft Dinner was the first manufactured mac and cheese meal sold in the U.S. Ask students to predict what they might learn about chicken nuggets and mac and cheese by reading both articles.
  • Ask volunteers to read aloud the Think and Read box on page 10 and the Think and Write box on page 13. As students read both texts, ask them to look for details that explain how chicken nuggets and the Kraft Dinner became two popular foods in the U.S.

Preview Vocabulary (15 minutes)

  • We have highlighted in bold six terms that may be challenging and defined them on the page. Preview these terms by projecting or distributing our Vocabulary Skill Builder and completing it as a class. You may also play our Vocabulary Slideshow.
  • Highlighted terms: government, panicked, batter, original, centuries, Great Depression

2. CLOSE READING

Reading and Unpacking the Text

  • First read: Students should read each article one time for general comprehension.
  • Second read: Distribute the Close-Reading and Critical-Thinking Questions to the class. Preview them together. Ask students to reread both articles. Have them identify any details, events, or vocabulary words they don’t understand.

Close-Reading Questions (30 minutes)

  • Read the first section of “Nugget Nation.” Why were hamburgers “under attack”? (main idea) In 1979, the U.S. government told Americans that eating too many hamburgers was unhealthy and they should eat chicken instead.
  • What serious problem did the leaders of McDonald’s face because of this change? (key details) They had to convince Americans that they would love to eat chicken as much as they loved to eat hamburgers.
  • Why does the writer call the next section “Chicken Genius”? (author’s craft) This section is about Robert Baker, a scientist known as the American “chicken genius” because of his work with farmers and chicken companies. He invented the chicken nugget.
  • Read “The Nugget Is Born.” How did Robert Baker and his team create the original chicken nugget? (summarizing) First they tried different kinds of chicken creations. Then they coated a small chunk of ground chicken with batter before cooking it. They called it the “Chicken Crispie.”
  • Read “Instant Hit.” Why were chicken nuggets no healthier to eat than nuggets? (drawing conclusions) Chicken nuggets are deep fried.
  • Why have chicken nuggets become so popular? (making inferences) Americans like the taste. Also, nuggets were first sold at McDonald’s, a very popular fast-food restaurant. They are now in school cafeterias, on kids’ menus, and at stores.
  • Read “Fancy Food” in “Mac and Cheese Mania.” Why was mac and cheese originally a food for the rich in France? (making inferences) It was probably too expensive for most people to eat.
  • Read “Hard Times.” Why was mac and cheese the perfect meal for Americans during the Great Depression? (key details) Mac and cheese was cheap and filling. During the Great Depression, millions of Americans didn’t have jobs, so they needed cheap food that would fill them up.
  • How was the Kraft Dinner similar to the mac and cheese that Americans started to make in the 1930s? How was it different? (compare and contrast) Both foods used pasta and cheese. But the mac and cheese made in the 1930s used cheap American cheddar cheese. The Kraft Dinner was a box of noodles with a packet of cheese inside.

Critical-Thinking Question (10 minutes)

  • How did Robert Baker in Ithaca, New York, and a pasta salesman in St. Louis, Missouri, change the diets of millions of Americans? (compare and contrast) Both helped to invent foods that became American favorites. Robert Baker invented the original nuggets recipe that was later used by McDonald's. The pasta salesman added packets of Kraft cheese to boxes of noodles. Then the Kraft company turned his idea into a new product, the Kraft Dinner.

3. SKILL BUILDING

Putting Ideas Together

  • Distribute our Main Idea Skill Builder. Have students work in pairs to complete it.
  • Discuss the writing assignment in the Think and Write box on page 13. Remind students to use details from both articles to support the main idea of their paragraphs. They can discuss their writing in groups.

Differentiate and Customize
For Small Groups

Read the articles silently. As students read, ask them to look for important events in the creation of chicken nuggets and the Kraft Dinner. Have them create a timeline of these events. Which events do they think were most important in the history of these foods? Why?

For ELL Students

Listen to the lower-Lexile audio version of these articles and read along. As students read, ask them to look for details that describe the chicken nugget and mac and cheese. What are some popular foods in their native countries? Why are these foods fun to eat?

For Struggling Readers

Listen to the Text-to-Speech audio of the articles. Ask students to look for details that describe how chicken nuggets and the Kraft Dinner were invented. If they could invent a new type of American food, what would it taste like and look like?

For Advanced Readers

Ask students why the chicken nugget and the Kraft Dinner appealed to so many Americans. If they could invent a new type of healthy fast food, what would it taste like? How would they encourage customers to buy it? Ask students to create an ad for their new food. They can discuss the ads in groups.

Text-to-Speech